Network Diagram Essay Example for Free

Network Diagram Essay 2. A medium-sized engineering firm has three separate engineering offices. In each office, a local LAN supports all the engineers in that office. Due to the requirement for collaboration among the offices, all the computers should be able to view and update the data from any of the three offices. In other words, the data storage server within each LAN should be accessible to all computers, no matter where they are located. Draw a network diagram that will support this configuration. 3. A small start-up company has a Web-based customer sales system that is written by using PHP and JavaScript. The company is deciding whether to host the system on its own servers, contract with a hosting company for a virtual server, or go to amazon’s cloud. Volumes are expected to be low at the beginning, and it is hard to predict the growth patterns, although there is a potential for rapid growth. Decide which alternative the company should choose. Defend your decision by giving advantages and disadvantages of each solution based on the characteristics of the start-up company. I would recommend them to get a contract from a hosting company that can suffice all their needs. There are lots of web hosts that support companies for sales system; they even give additional functionalities for a reasonable price. Online threats are emerging nowadays, it is not safe to host a system yourself especially if you’re company is still new and needs more experience. Most hosting companies are almost invulnerable to threats and that should be your priority for your company. 4. Find four separate hosting providers and compare their offerings, including prices. Put your answer in a table showing the results of your research. Add additional row for the sources/references. HostPapa http://www.hostpapa.com/ Price Value At HostPapa, you truly feel like youre getting the family discount, what with so much being offered for less than $4 a month. Enjoy unlimited storage and bandwidth for unlimited sites, all Softaculous-enabled and equipped with HostPapa Website Builder. Beyond that, youll also receive online stats and  reporting tools, full email versatility, developers tools and extensive third party web design and multimedia software support. Dont forget, HostPapa web hosting gives you free domain registration for the first year, and free setup. Reliability HostPapa web hosting guarantees youll get maximum uptime (99.9% uptime guarantee and 99.9% network uptime guarantee) and promises to provide around the clock/around the calendar server monitoring. They regularly perform secure and reliable backups of all your data to protect against unforeseen emergencies. Control Panel Joy of joys, all HostPapa customers get the full benefits of the industrys most popular and user-acclaimed control panel: cPanel. Large, intuitively organized icon-based buttons empower you to perform any number of administrative tasks. The main menu includes a real-time display of every stat and figure relevant to your web hosting account and your websites activity and performance. Customer Support At HostPapa, youll get all the one-on-one help setting up and getting started that you need as well as dedicated customer service any time you need it. Choose from phone, live chat, and email support, or do-it-yourself with the HostPapa library of helpful and easy to follow video tutorials and online help docs. iPage http://www.ipage.com/ Price Value The web experts at iPage.com have managed to compile an eye-popping list of services and value-added extras and package them neatly into a all-encompassing web hosting package. Currently on promotion for just $1.99 a month, iPage.com is proving that sometimes you actually get more than you pay for. Reliability iPage.com uses a system of pooled servers so there is always server space available to you. The first and fastest machine available will serve your website. A pool of servers provides redundancy, streamlined service, and maximum uptime. Control Panel The iPage control panel offers users tools to create, enhance and manage their websites simple and effectively. iPage.com has also worked closely with Google to integrate the industry-leading Google Tools for Websites right into your control panel. Customer Support iPage.com makes a remarkable promise: when you contact their customer service department, theyll put you in touch with an agent within two minutes. iPage offers around the clock support via live chat, phone and e-mail. HostGator http://www.hostgator.com/ Price Value Host Gators shared web hosting plans start at $3.96 a month (the recently upgraded Hatchling plan) and include unlimited disk space and bandwidth. Their reseller plans are offered for prices ranging from $24.95 to $99.95 per month, and their dedicated server plans range from $174.00 to $374.00 per month. Put it all together and you have one company that wants to remain competitive in the web-hosting market. Reliability HostGator has chosen The Planet, located in Dallas, Texas, to house their data center. The Planet boasts over 35,000 square feet of raised floor space, and features state-of-the-art security, safety, and cooling systems. This facility is accompanied with Multiple TXU electrical grids, 4800 volts of input power, DataTrax monitoring software for the whole data center infrastructure, and a fully meshed and redundant Certified Cisco Network  featuring 10 backbone providers. Control Panel Host Gator employs the industry standard control panel, cPanel. This control panel is one of the best in the industry, and has over 39 scripts that can be installed. It is easy to learn and use, as it provides more than one million end users the ability to install dozens of leading open source programs, accompanied with flash movies for instant tutorials. Customer Support Host Gator is becoming one of the leading companies offering quick responses and a personal touch to their support system. They present 24/7/365 phone support, online chat, fax, peer support forums, and a wide variety of cPanel flash video tutorials. Their knowledgebase is also quite extensive and useful. JustHost http://www.justhost.com/ Price Value Unlimited disk space, unlimited bandwidth, unlimited domain hosting, unlimited email accounts, unlimited MySQL databases, has it priced at just $2.25 per month. And that fee includes a free domain for life, a free point-and-click SiteBuilder with templates, a free e-Commerce shopping cart, and a free Spam Assassin for your email. Reliability At JustHost you get a 99.9% uptime guarantee on service. Just Host s reliability is guaranteed, in part, thanks to their unique load balancing technology and super fast backbone connections. With load balancing, your site is available from multiple servers, so if one server becomes unavailable, your site will still be live on the other server, virtually eliminating site downtime. Control Panel If we had to pick just one web hosting control panel to use and forgo all  others, it would be the very same control panel that just so happens to come with Just Host web hosting plan. Its cPanel, of course, the industry leader for mastering user-friendliness and ease-of use. All the resources, tools, and even web statistics are right there in one place, at your disposal. Plus you can personalize and customize your cPanel for an even easier webmastering experience. Customer Support The JustHost support center offers a full range of help features, from assisted support 24/7 via live web chat, 1-888 toll-free telephone, and email support ticket system to self-guided help via searchable and categorized online FAQ and articles, web tutorials, and an active user community. Source: http://www.hosting-review.com/web-hosting.php?aff_sub=H-R-Revised-Legacy-Hosting-International ENaff_sub2=web%20hosting%20reviewsaff_sub3=bgclid={gclid}gclid=COqOnOXH-sACFYeSvQodIHsAHg

The Historical background and current situation of the UAE-Iran dispute over three islands Essay Example for Free

The Historical background and current situation of the UAE-Iran dispute over three islands Essay The United Arab Emirates (UAE) dispute with Iran over the three islands is a historical conflict which relates to the ownership and sovereignty over of the islands. These three islands are the Abu Musa,the Greater Tunbs and the Lesser Tunbs . The islands are located in the Persian Gulf hence their strategic position in the Gulf can be very vital for a country that has sovereignty over them. For instance, the strategic importance of the three islands enables them to be used as a toll booth through which the passage of important regional commodities and oil can be controlled. Lack of adequate historical sources that point out clearly territorial boundaries in the Arabian Gulf has contributed to sovereignty conflicts, a good example being the UAE-Iran dispute. Although some recorded documents and historical events support UAE’s rightful ownership of the three Islands, Iran has constantly rejected those claims . The dispute has not yet been solved because as the United Arab Emirates maintain that it should have ownership over the three islands, Iran asserts that it should have sovereignty over the islands . This paper will discuss the historical background of the conflict as well as the current situation of dispute. Historical background of the dispute In the seventeenth century, Islamic conquests in the Arabian Gulf led to the Islamic caliphate decline in power. This had local powers such as Oman maintain sovereignty and control over the region. A close link of the Abu Musa, Greater Tunbs and Lesser Tunbs to the Southern Coast area remained until the presence of European colonial powers began to change leadership and governance issues in the Gulf. Historical records confirm that the fall of Ya’aruba state in Oman (1524-1741) paved way for the establishment of a new power in the Gulf referred to as Qawasin. Sharjah and Ra’s al -Khaimah were the two factions of Qawasin that had sovereignity over the Gulf islands. The first document to confirm the UAE legal title to the three islands is the official message that the Qawasin ruler sent to the British Resident. As a result, any form of interference with the sovereignty aroused protests. In the 1870s, Abu Musa served as a resort for the Qawasin rulers of Sharjah and also as an agricultural centre. The two Qawasin factions (Lingeh Qawasin and the Qawasin of the southern coast) were constantly involved in disputes about the Gulf islands. The dominant colonial power then (the British government of India) failed to interfere in the conflict because it considered it to be a local issue. However, efforts by a British political agent, Haji Abdurrahman to demonstrate that the Islands belonged to Lungeh Qawasin were disapproved. The Qawasin of the Southern Gulf continued to exercise sovereignty over the three islands until the late nineteenth century when the imperial Iran’s influence began to spread to the northern Gulf . Persian armies in 1887 invasion of Lingeh led to the expulsion of Qawasin governors expelled from the island of Sirri. Since the offensive launched by Persia enabled it to occupy to Island of Sirri, the Qawasin of the Southern Coast developed fears about the territorial ambitions of Persia. Iran confirmed the fears when it set forth claims to other Islands. However, the British government was opposed to Iran’s occupation of Sirri Island and supported Qawasin title to the Islands. As a result, the British government demanded that Iran explain hoisting of its flag on the Sirri Island as well as provide evidence of its claims to the Island. Iran pointed out that the strongest evidence of its ownership to the Island was its â€Å"occupation† and â€Å"possession† of the island. In 1904, Iran’s territorial and political ambitions together with the economic interests of some influential elements in the government strengthened its claim to Abu Musa Island . This marked Iran’s intentions to challenge Sharjah about its sovereignty over Abu Musa. For instance, Iran was interested in the red oxide resource that was found in the island. In efforts to take over control of the island, Iran sent a mission that was led by a Belgian officer to hoist an Iranian flag on Abu Musa. Protests against this move by the ruler of Sharjah were supported by the British Resident, who demanded that Iran submit evidence of ownership to the island. The failure by Iran to provide evidence had it withdraw quietly from the conflict three months later. British presence in the Gulf emphasized on the ownership of Abu Musa and the Tunbs by the states of Sharjah and Ra’s al Khaimah . Good relations between the two led to a signing of an agreement between the ruler of Sharjah and the British government in 1912 which facilitated the establishment of a lighthouse on Greater Tunbs. This allowed Sharjah to grant a five year red oxide exploration concession to a British national known as Strick. Iran protested against this move. Following a verbal understanding between the Iranian government and Britain that the three islands were Arab territories, the British administration on 24 August 1928 issued a memorandum to confirm that the islands of Greater and Lesser Tunbs belonged to Ra’s al-Khaimah while Abu Musa belonged to Sharjah . The fact that Qawasin had title to the three Islands during the 1929-1930 negotiations between Iran and Britain confirmed the weakness of Iran’s claims of ownership over the islands. The Anglo-Iranian treaty which was signed affirmed that the three Islands (Abu Musa and the Tunbs) would remain under Arab territories and Iran would maintain the title to Island of Sirri . Iran’s desire to have control over the island motivated it to propose an offer to buy the Greater and Lesser Tunbs. This was strongly rejected by the rulers of Sharjah and R’as al-Khaimah. This was followed by Iran’s proposal to lease the two islands for a period of 50 years. The pressure by British officials on the ruler of Ra’s al-Khaimah to accept the offer on conditions that Iran refrain from inspecting Arab boats and ships as well as stop issuing order to them failed. This led the failure of Iran attempts to exercise sovereignty on the islands. Sharjah’s sovereignty over Abu Musa led to the issuing of red oxide concessions to the Golden Valley Ochre Oxide Company in 1935. On the other hand, Ra’s al-Khaimah gave an oil exploration concession to the Union Oil in 1964. The failure by Iran to annex Bahrain due to a United Nation’s endorsement of Bahrain’s independence in 1970 resulted to Iran’s emphatic claims to the three islands once again. Iran threatened to occupy the islands by force. To address the issue, intensive talks between Iran and the emirates of Ra’s al-Khaimah and Sharjah were held in 1970 and 1971. The talks did not prevent Iran from expressing its intentions to occupy the Islands by force. Pressure by Iran and Britain to have the rulers of Sharjah and Ra’s al-Khaimah hand over the islands to Iran peacefully did not succeed. This move aimed at preventing direct military occupation of the islands by Iran in a manner that would deprive the rulers’ sovereignty over the islands. Iran’s deadlines and threats that were issued to increase pressure on the rulers were unsuccessful. On 30 November 1971, Iran signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) that allowed Iran to land on Northern part of Abu Musa. When Ra’s al-Khaimah rejected Iran’s concession to a title over Tunbs led to the launch of an offensive by Iran to occupy the islands. The offensive had some service men and civilians killed, a primary school and a police station, demolished and the citizens of the Greater Tunbs evicted. Since 1971 when it occupied the Tunbs, Iran has continued to claim ownership over the three islands despite the fact that it has failed to produce legal justification of its occupation under the international law. On the other hand, the United Arab Emirates has continually asserted that it has sovereignty over the islands . Current situation on the UAE-Iran dispute Since 1971, Iran and UAE have continually been engaged in the dispute over three Islands . After Iran’s occupation of the Tunbs, the UAE tried to win the title to the islands by resolving the dispute according to the international customs and laws. The UAE requested for assistance from the United Nations Security council to have the dispute solved peacefully. However, Iran continued to violate the MOU in relation to governance in Abu Musa and international boundaries in relation to the Tunbs. Iran had adopted an imperial arrogance approach during Shah’s’ reign and since 1980s, it continued to violate the MOU. Currently, Iran considers the Tunbs to be part of its territory and considers this issue undebatable . However, Iran agrees that negotiations over Abu Musa can be conducted based on an MOU that will ensure UAE sovereignty over the island does not compromise Iran’s economic, security and strategic interests in the Gulf region. The rights of sovereignty or ownership of the Abu Musa and the two Tunbs was transferred from the emirates of Ras al-Khaimah and Sharjah to the Federal state of the United Arab Emirates on 2 December 1971. The Arab states under the British protectorate were referred to as trucial states . The UAE constitution states clearly that the federation exercises sovereignty over all waters and lands that are encompassed by the international borders of the emirates. . This includes the three islands of Abu Musa and the two Tunbs. Ownership claims by UAE over the three Islands is considered to be based on historical events, legal documents and the actual exercise of territorial sovereignty . Scholars of the international law argue that the border treaties provide for succession where the obligations and rights are passed from the predecessor to the successor state in accordance with the Article 4 of 1969 Vienna convention on the law of treaties . Furthermore, the highest federal authority of the UAE, the supreme council of the UAE has declared that the agreements which were concluded by the individual emirates with the neighboring states are believed to be agreements between the UAE and the neighboring states. The UAE-Iran dispute over the legal status of the islands has continued to affect UAE-Iran diplomatic relations . In addition, the dispute strains the relationship between Iran and the Gulf Cooperation Council Members (Kuwait, UAE, Oman, Qatar, Bahrain and Saudi Arabia). These nations support UAE claims of ownership. For instance, in 2008, there was tension between Iran and the GCC over this long-standing issue. The UAE supports regional cooperation in the region hence it has managed to win the support of some of its neighbors over the issue. Although the UAE has recommended that the case be taken to the International Court of Justice (ICJ), Iran objects this measure . Britain which played a major role in the Gulf region and efforts to solve the UAE-Iran dispute would be expected to be involved in the case if it was taken to the ICJ. Iran criticizes the involvement of a third party in resolving the dispute hence it rejects the UAE’s request to have the dispute resolved at the international court of justice in the Hague. The UAE demands that the three Islands which were seized by Iran form UAE in 1971 be returned back . In 1992, Iran declared sovereignty over the three islands and had foreigners who run UAE sponsored school and several organizations in Abu Musa expelled from the Island. Iran’s political and economic influence in the region makes it a hegemonic power . Over the years, Iran has been making efforts to increase its military presence on the Island of Abu Musa by building an airport on the island and stationing troops on the Island. This indicates that Iran intends to maintain rightful ownership of the Island. For Iran, the Islands are strategically positioned to allow interdictions and observations of the Strait of Hormuz. This is believed to offer Iran land support to support stations boats, military troops and radars in the region. Iran’s opening a naval base in the Strait Hormuz and reluctance to resolve the territorial dispute confirms it political influence in the region. There is no doubt that the islands have economic and geopolitical significance to Iran . For example, during the 53rd session of the United Nations General Assembly, the UAE Foreign Minister Sheikh Zayed Al Nahayan stated that the UAE is still concerned about the continued occupation of Iran on the three islands . The UAE has been making efforts to resolve the dispute in a peacefully, either through bilateral talks of the ICJ . The UAE sovereignty over the three islands of Abu Musa, Greater and Lesser Tunbs relate to acquiescence and recognition due to the fact that the UAE has maintained possession of the islands for a long time. This has been recognized by Britain which has made a declaration that it recognizes the title of the Qawasin to the islands. As a result, Iran’s occupation of the Tunbs is viewed by the UAE to be a violation of the principles of border issues in the international law and inviolability of the states’ territorial integrity which are vital in international relations. The UAE Foreign Minister Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed when speaking during the Federal National Council recently stated that the occupation of the three Islands by Iran is painful to many UAE nationals and compared Iran’s occupation on the three Islands to the occupation of Palestinians territories by Israel. A Memorandum of Understanding that governs the status of Abu Musa does not define the status of the island. Although the bilateral agreement between UAE and Iran promotes understanding between the two, the Iranian government sees the agreement to be a temporary measure that postpones the restoration of Iran’s sovereignty over the Abu Musa . The dispute is considered to have negative impact on the relations between UAE and Iran . Efforts by other countries such as Turkey in resolving the dispute are expected to improve relations between the UAE and Iran . Turkey is expected to play a vital rile in talks between Iran and UAE in future . For instance, when speaking during the Parliamentary Union of the Islamic Conference, Bahaeddine Jabaji supported Turkey’s role in resolving the dispute.

Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Gastrointestinal System

Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Gastrointestinal System Emily Joll Part 1- Explain the anatomy of the cardiovascular system and the role played by each of the major parts. (Word Count 400) The cardiovascular system is made up of specialized structures allowing it to effectively carry out its role of transporting blood and nutrients around the body and removing toxins. The cardiovascular system is a closed double circulation system consisting of the major structures of the heart and a network of blood vessels. The heart is structured into two sides which is then divided into two chambers, resulting in a total of four chambers. The system is known as a double circulatory system as the right half of the heart pumps blood to the lungs, becoming oxygen enriched, and back to the heart, known as pulmonary circulation (DLC Topic 1, 2014). The left half pumps the oxygen enriched blood around the body and then back to the heart, known as systemic circulation (DLC Topic 1, 2014). The top chambers of the heart are called atria, and the lower chambers ventricles. The atria are designed to receive blood from the body and pump it into the ventricles. This is a short distance for the blood to travel so the atria only lightly pump aiding the efficiency of the ventricles. This low level of action required results in the muscle walls of the atria are thinner than that of the ventricles. The atria and ventricle on each side are connected by atrioventricular valves. These valves prevent back-flow of blood int o the atria from the ventricles aiding the efficiency of the pumping action. When the ventricles contract the blood within them is pumped out of the heart to the body through the aorta on the left side, and pulmonary artery on the right. The arteries have very thick elasticated walls able to withstand the pressure exerted on them from the pumping action of the ventricles. Arteries pulse to aid the pumping action of the heart and movement of blood around the body. From the arteries the blood continues to move through a network of blood vessels, delivering oxygenated blood to the cells and removing toxins. Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. The pressure is less in the veins as the blood has travelled a long way since it was originally pumped. This results in the walls of veins being thinner. To aid the movement of blood back to the heart due to the lowered pressed, veins have values in them to prevent back-flow of blood. Capillaries are the small blood vessels that link the veins and arteries, and carry the oxygen and nutrients to the cells. The walls of capillaries are very thin to allow for the actual exchange of these gases and nutrients to take place completing the actual role of the cardiac cycle. Actual Word Count 434 References DLC Topic 1, 2014- Distance Learning Centre 2014 Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Gastro-Intestinal Systems Topic 1 The Cardiovascular System [Course Materials] Reference List Distance Learning Centre 2014 Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Gastro-Intestinal Systems Topic 1 The Cardiovascular System [Course Materials] Bibliography Distance Learning Centre 2014 Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Gastro-Intestinal Systems Topic 1 The Cardiovascular System [Course Materials] Waugh, A. and Grant, A. (2006) Ross and Wilson Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness- The Musculoskeletal System, 10th edition, Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone Part 2- Explain the structure of the respiratory system by completing the table below. (Word Count 300) Actual Word Count 325 References DLC Topic 2, 2014- Distance Learning Centre 2014 Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Gastro-Intestinal Systems Topic 2 The Respiratory System [Course Materials] Reference List Distance Learning Centre 2014 Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Gastro-Intestinal Systems Topic 2 The Respiratory System [Course Materials] Bibliography Distance Learning Centre 2014 Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Gastro-Intestinal Systems Topic 2 The Respiratory System [Course Materials] Jones, G. and Jones, M. (2004) Human Biology for AS, 1st edition, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press Waugh, A. and Grant, A. (2006) Ross and Wilson Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness- The Musculoskeletal System, 10th edition, Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone Part 3- Explain the structure of the gastrointestinal system using the table below. (Word Count 300) Actual Word Count 330 References DLC Topic 3, 2014- Distance Learning Centre 2014 Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Gastro-Intestinal Systems Topic 3 The Gastro-Intestinal System [Course Materials] Reference List Distance Learning Centre 2014 Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Gastro-Intestinal Systems Topic 3 The Gastro-Intestinal System [Course Materials] Waugh, A. and Grant, A. (2006) Ross and Wilson Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness- The Musculoskeletal System, 10th edition, Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone Bibliography Distance Learning Centre 2014 Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Gastro-Intestinal Systems Topic 3 The Gastro-Intestinal System [Course Materials] Waugh, A. and Grant, A. (2006) Ross and Wilson Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness- The Musculoskeletal System, 10th edition, Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone TAQ 2 (AC 1.2 2.2) Write a short account explaining how oxygen gets from the environment to the cells and vice versa. (Word Count 400) Oxygen reaching cells is vital to the life of an organism and is a complicated process involving the respiratory system and cardiovascular system working together. Working on a negative feedback loop, sensors in the carotid artery monitor the pH level of blood. Toxins that are produced by the body through energy use and respiration cause a build up of these in the bloodstream, which can be removed through exhalation. The medulla oblongata in the brain stem controls involuntary inhalation and exhalation of air and will increase or decrease the respiratory rate as necessary to regulate the pH level of the blood (DLC Topic 2, 2014). When signalled for inhalation to occur the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles between the ribs contract, increasing the volume of the chest and thoracic cavity, so the lungs and alveoli can expand. This decreases the pressure inside the chest and causes inhalation. Air enters the upper respiratory tract through either the nose or mouth, being filtered and warmed in the process, and is drawn down into the lower respiratory tract. Once the air reaches the alveoli gaseous exchange takes place. The alveoli walls are a s ingle cell thick and surrounded by a network of capillaries to allow the process to take place rapidly. The concentration of oxygen in the alveoli is greater than that in the blood in the capillaries so the oxygen moves with the concentration gradient by diffusion to increase the oxygen in the blood plasma in the capillaries. Haemoglobin in the red blood cells in the capillaries absorb the oxygen forming oxyhaemoglobin. The oxyhaemoglobin then moves through the bloodstream due to the action of the cardiovascular system. Blood is pumped through the pulmonary vein into the left side of the heart, moving through the atria and ventricle to the aorta. The aorta is the main artery from the heart taking oxygenated blood out to the blood vessels of the body. This blood is pumped through the other arteries, veins and capillaries of the cardiovascular system. Once in the capillaries oxygen and nutrients are transferred to the cells through diffusion. Through this process waste products from c ells are also transferred back into the blood stream, e.g. carbon dioxide. The deoxygenated haemoglobin and the waste products then travel back through the blood stream to the heart on the right side. Once at the heart it is pumped back to the lungs where the concentration gradient of the products are uneven and are equalised through diffusion once more. The haemoglobin becomes oxyhaemoglobin, and the waste products e.g. carbon dioxide are diffused into the lower respiratory tract and expelled from the body through exhalation and the process repeats itself. Actual Word Count 439 References DLC Topic 2, 2014- Distance Learning Centre 2014 Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Gastro-Intestinal Systems Topic 2 The Respiratory System [Course Materials] Reference List Distance Learning Centre 2014 Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Gastro-Intestinal Systems Topic 1 The Cardiovascular System [Course Materials] Distance Learning Centre 2014 Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Gastro-Intestinal Systems Topic 2 The Respiratory System [Course Materials] Bibliography Distance Learning Centre 2014 Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Gastro-Intestinal Systems Topic 1 The Cardiovascular System [Course Materials] Distance Learning Centre 2014 Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Gastro-Intestinal Systems Topic 2 The Respiratory System [Course Materials] Distance Learning Centre 2014 Introduction to Cell Biology Topic 1 Introduction to Cell Biology [Course Materials] Livestrong online 2013- Livestrong How Do the Digestive and Respiratory Systems Work Together?, Hendrickson. K, online accessed 18.05.2015 available at: http://www.livestrong.com/article/302607-how-do-the-digestive-respiratory-systems-work-together/ Waugh, A. and Grant, A. (2006) Ross and Wilson Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness- The Musculoskeletal System, 10th edition, Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone TAQ 3 (AC 3.2) Using examples give a short account of the role of enzymes within the process of digestion. (Word Count 300) As soon as food enters the mouth the role of enzymes in the chemical digestion of food begins. As well as saliva, the saliva glands in the mouth release the enzyme amylase beginning the process. Here immediately the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates starts. Once the food bolus formed in the mouth is swallowed and reaches the stomach further chemical digestion occurs. The lining of the stomach walls contain several cells with secrete chemicals that enable digestion. Many of the enzymes released are highly corrosive so work together to protect the stomach itself whilst continuing chemical digestion and destruction of microbes found in food. Microbes, which carry disease are killed by the action of the enzyme hydrochloric acid, released by parietal cells. This hydrochloric acid, activates an inactive enzyme in the stomach, pepsinogen, resulting in pepsin. This is the resulting enzyme which enables the breakdown of proteins to amino acids. Once digestion has taken place in the stomach the result is a liquid known as chyme which is secreted into the small intestine. Within the small intestine the brush boarder enzymes are housed amongst the villi and microvilli (DLC Topic 3, 2014). Brush boarder enzymes are a collection of different enzymes which line the small intestine working individually, and together to activate inactive enzymes, to continue the breakdown the different components within the chyme. The enzymes here aid the digestion of fats and of starches into simple sugars. Enzymes play a vital role in the gastrointestinal system as they enable the foods to be broken down into their chemical components which are useful to the body and can be reabsorbed for use or eliminated through waste. Actual Word Count 271 References DLC Topic 3, 2014- Distance Learning Centre 2014 Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Gastro-Intestinal Systems Topic 3 The Gastro-Intestinal System [Course Materials] Reference List Distance Learning Centre 2014 Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Gastro-Intestinal Systems Topic 3 The Gastro-Intestinal System [Course Materials] Bibliography Distance Learning Centre 2014 Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Gastro-Intestinal Systems Topic 3 The Gastro-Intestinal System [Course Materials] TAQ 4 (AC 3.3) This unit discusses the systems that supply the cell with everything that it needs. How do the three systems discussed function in supporting the cell? Part 1- Cardiovascular system (Word Count 100) The pumping action of the heart and the blood vessels in the cardiovascular system, creates and facilitates a continuous flow of blood products, oxygen and nutrients around the body. This creates a replenishment system, delivering products required by the cells through diffusion in order for them to function efficiently. This system also creates a removal system for toxins and waste products from the cells. These products are removed from the cells back into the bloodstream through the process of diffusion where they can be transported away from the cells for elimination from the body. Actual Word Count 94 Reference List Distance Learning Centre 2014 Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Gastro-Intestinal Systems Topic 1 The Cardiovascular System [Course Materials] Bibliography Distance Learning Centre 2014 Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Gastro-Intestinal Systems Topic 1 The Cardiovascular System [Course Materials] Distance Learning Centre 2014 Introduction to Cell Biology Topic 1 Introduction to Cell Biology [Course Materials] Part 2- Respiratory system (Word Count 100) The respiration system facilitates inhalation of air into the body, supplying the oxygen that every cell in the body requires to function. There is a percentage of oxygen in the air which is diffused into the bloodstream from the alveoli in the lower respiratory tract. The respiratory system not only brings oxygen into the body, the bloodstream and therefore the cells but also provides a pathway for waste gases to be expelled from the body through exhalation, removing toxins from the system that would otherwise overload it and cause cell death. Actual Word Count 91 Reference List Distance Learning Centre 2014 Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Gastro-Intestinal Systems Topic 2 The Respiration System [Course Materials] Bibliography Distance Learning Centre 2014 Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Gastro-Intestinal Systems Topic 2 The Respiration System [Course Materials] Distance Learning Centre 2014 Introduction to Cell Biology Topic 1 Introduction to Cell Biology [Course Materials] Part 3- Gastrointestinal system (Word Count 100) The gastrointestinal system provides a pathway from the mouth to the anus for food entering the body to exit as bulk waste once the goodness from it has been absorbed by the body. It facilitates the mechanical and chemical digestion of food to its component parts that can then be reabsorbed by the body for use in the cells as energy or to create new proteins as required or expelled. Through its use of enzymes this system supplies the cells with the minerals, vitamins, water, essential amino acids and ions they require to function effectively., whilst removing unnecessary food bulk through the elimination of faeces. Actual Word Count 105 Reference List Distance Learning Centre 2014 Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Gastro-Intestinal Systems Topic 3 The Gastro-Intestinal System [Course Materials] Bibliography Distance Learning Centre 2014 Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Gastro-Intestinal Systems Topic 3 The Gastro-Intestinal System [Course Materials] 1

The Major Themes of Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness Essay -- Heart D

The two major themes of Heart of Darkness are the conflict between â€Å"reality† and â€Å"darkness,† and the idea of restraint and whether or not it is necessary. Conrad’s passage describing the restraint of the hungry cannibals exemplifies both themes:   It describes how reality shapes human behavior, and contrasts the characters of Kurtz and Marlow.   â€Å"Reality,† as it is used here, is defined as â€Å"that which is civilized.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Conrad emphasizes the idea of what is real versus what is â€Å"dark,† what is civilized versus what is primitive, what colonizes versus what is colonized, repeatedly throughout Heart of Darkness.   As stated above, â€Å"real,† in this case, contains all the implications of a civilized society:   clothing which covers a person’s sexual organs, restraint from gluttony, a constant reliance on clocks as dictators of action, etc.   The cannibals in the aforementioned passage face a horrendous conflict between what is real and what is â€Å"dark,† or, in their case, what is natural and what must be restrained.   Marlow cannot fathom how these â€Å"big powerful men, with not much capacity to weigh the consequences† could restrain their desires to consume him and the pilgrims:   â€Å"Restraint!   What possible restraint?   Was it superstition, disgust, patience, fear – or some kind of primitive honor?   N o fear can stand up to hunger, no patience can wear it out.†Ã‚   The â€Å"darkness† these men restrain is the part of every person that wants fulfillment, the Id in psychoanalytic terms, the part almost every orthodox religion looks down upon.   Along with every civilized society, one which requires some form of government, the citizens are expected to restrain, to a certain extent, their most basic desires.   This theme can be taken a step farther, and c... ...ssage describing the cannibals exemplifies both.   The cannibals are practicing a sort of enigmatic restraint that keeps them from fulfilling a basic human need; on a second level, they are facing the issue of what is reality (what is civilized) versus what is natural.   Although there is no concrete evidence that these peoples are cannibalistic, the natural solution to their hunger is to eat, and they do not.   Marlow, the character symbolic of the reality of civilization, practices this restraint, a sort of religious emulation of what he has seen of civilized peoples up to this point.   Kurtz, on the other hand, has abandoned his restraint, has stepped into the â€Å"darkness† so to speak.   â€Å"The horror! The horror!† he utters on his deathbed, perhaps expressing contempt at his own actions, perhaps at all existence.   Perhaps at the reality and restraints of civilization.  

Assessing the Neural Mechanisms of Anxiety :: Biology Essays Research Papers

A "Lesser Wrong" Model of Assessing the Neural Mechanisms of Anxiety The objective of our class and the neuroscientific community is to understand the complex neural pathways of the brain. The neural mechanisms of anxiety have long puzzled researchers. Thus far, the belief is that two structures of the limbic system known as the lateral septum and the amygdala regulate anxiety. The present paper will examine the role of the lateral septum and the amygdala in propagating anxiety (supporting the brain = behavior paradigm), discuss the neural connection that exist between the Am and LS, consider the effects that benzodiazepine anxiolytics have on this neural connection, as well as introduce findings from my current research that supports the "lesser wrong" model of anxiety. Amygdala and Anxiogenesis The amygdala (hereafter cited as Am) is a known anxiety producing or anxiogenic structure (1). Anxiety is assessed through a number of animal studies that examine fear and stress responses in the presence of aversive stimuli such as a shock. Fear and stress responses in animals are good measures of anxiety because they correlate well with the symptoms observed in people with generalized anxiety disorder. For instance, studies that assess anxiety in animal paradigms report increased stress induced ulceration, increased heart beat, and increased galvanic skin conductance. Similarly, individuals diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder show upset stomach, increased hear rate, and increased sweating. Hence, anxiety, fear, and stress responses are closely related. Fear responses are behavioral changes that occur in the presence of aversive stimuli. The most common behavioral response (in rats) to aversive stimuli is behavioral arrest also referred to as "freezing". Behavioral arrest occurs when the animal "freezes following a cue for the aversive stimulus. Davis (1992) describes the freezing behavior as the animal's apprehensive expectation that something bad is about to happen. Stress responses are physiological changes that occur in response to aversive stimuli. Stress responses in animal and human studies include pupil dilation, increased heart beat, decreased salivation (or dry mouth), increase galvanic skin conductance (or increased sweating) and frequent defecation (or diarrhea). Studies have shown that during the presentation of a tone that forewarns the animal of a shock, the animal show a multitude of stress responses including the ones listed above. Similarly, in a fMRI scan study, human subjects showed Am activation in instructed fear or anticipatory anxiety task. In this task, subjects are manipulated into believing that they will receive a shock when a threatening stimulus is presented.

Comparing Marvell’s To His Coy Mistress and Herrick’s To the Virgins, t

Comparing Andrew Marvell’s To His Coy Mistress and Robert Herrick’s To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time Ever since the beginning of time, love has played an enormous role among humans. Everyone feels a need to love and to be loved. Some attempt to fill this yearning with activities and possessions that will not satisfy – with activities in which they should not participate and possessions they should not own. In Andrew Marvell’s poem, â€Å"To His Coy Mistress,† the speaker encounters an emotion some would call love but fits better under the designation of lust for a woman. In contrast, the speaker of Robert Herrick’s poem, â€Å"To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time,† urges virgins to marry, to make a lasting commitment in which love plays a vital role. Comparing these poems reveals differences between love and lust. Despite the contrasting depictions of love and lust, both poets portray the underlying theme of carpe diem – â€Å"seize the day† – using the sun to show the brevity of any single person’s time on earth, and ut ilizing societal standards to back up their arguments. Though some may argue that the speaker in Marvell’s poem loves his mistress, he comes across as experiencing no emotion aside from lust. The speaker merely mentions the word â€Å"love† three times, all in the first stanza. Nowhere does the speaker connect this so-called love with his girlfriend’s personality traits, but always with her physical appearance. The speaker explains that if he had all the time in the world, he would adore for â€Å"an age at least† all the parts of her body and â€Å"the last age should show your heart† (17-18). The speaker’s overemphasis of his girlfriend’s body in place of concentration on her personality and heart – one’s more important traits – ... ...ilize similar arguments in attempt to persuade the person or people to whom they speak. Specifically, both speakers convey the concept of carpe diem through the analogy of the sun. They address their situation in a skewed manner, though. While they have the opportunity to focus on true love, they fail to seize that opportunity. Instead, the speakers concentrate on society’s definition of love, namely, beauty, requesting a response based on the superficial, outward appearance of a woman. Works Cited Herrick, Robert. â€Å"To The Virgins, To Make Much Of Time." Literature An Introduction to Critical Reading. Lee A. Jacobus. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1996. Marvell, Andrew. "To His Coy Mistress" and Other Poems. New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1997. New American Standard Bible, The Lockman Foundation, 1995. Available http://www.lockman.org

Chick Fil a

Ryan Simpson Marketing 476 Final Project Chick-Fil-A| GarnerR MK-476 FP Page #1 In this paper I will be giving a thorough analysis of the Chick-Fil-A company by discussing the history of the company as well as how the company was founded, the operations of the company, how the company gives back to the community, and how the company markets itself to the consumers. The reason I chose Chick-Fil-A to do my paper on is ever since I was a little boy Chick-Fil-A has always been my favorite fast food. I can remember when I was little the closest Chick-Fil-A to our home was the one on Cox Creek Parkway in front of the mall in Florence.Anytime we were in Florence I would beg my parents to take me thru the drive thru because I loved the Chick-Fil-A kids meal as well as the toy that came with it. Chick-Fil-A restaurants have been appealing to me ever since I was little so since then I have been a loyal customer of Chick-Fil-A. I have also always been interested in knowing how Chick-Fil-A alway s has had a huge customer base and every time I went to eat at a Chick-Fil-A, it seemed to always be crowded so that tells me that their marketing department is definitely doing something right because their restaurants are doing great business.In this paper I will be going over the history of the Chick- Fil-A company, how the company operates, how the company markets itself, and how close out the paper with a conclusion and summary. In the first part of my paper, I want to go over the history of the Chick-Fil-A company. The Chick-Fil-A company was first founded in 1946 by a man named Truett Cathy. Truett Cathy is considered to be one of the greatest entrepreneurs in the history of the United States. GarnerR MK-476 FP Page #2Truett Cathy who grew up in Atlanta opened his first restaurant in his home town called the â€Å"Dwarf Grill†. However over time the name changed to the â€Å"Dwarf House† (www. chick-fil-a. com). In the year of 1964, Truett Cathy created his vers ion of a chicken sandwich that is today referred to as the original chicken sandwich. Truett Cathy’s invention of the chicken sandwich was the first step to his vision of developing a successful restaurant chain. In 1967, Truett Cathy opened the first Chick-Fil-A restaurant in the Greenbrier Mall in |Atlanta, Georgia.In 1973 years after the first Chick-Fil-A opened, Truett Cathy wanted all his employees, regardless of age, to have an advanced education so he decided to develop a Team Scholarship Program which included $1,000 scholarships. Chick-Fil-A took a big step in the right direction when they first introduced freshly squeezed lemonade on their menu in 1977. In 1982, all Chick-Fil-A started selling chicken nuggets in all their restaurants and because of this Chick-Fil-A became the first restaurant chain to offer chicken nuggets nationwide. 984 was a big year for the Chick-Fil-A Company because Truett Cathy established the WinShape Foundation to help â€Å"shape winnersà ¢â‚¬ . The reason Truett Cathy founded this foundation was simply because young people receiving a proper education was very important to him (www. chick-fil-a. com). Some milestones of the Chick-Fil-A Franchise; In 1985 all the Chick-Fil-A restaurants added their original waffle fries to their menus. In 1986 Chick-Fil-A expanded their operation by constructing the company’s first free-standing restaurant building on North Druid Hills Road in Atlanta. 987 saw the franchises offer their first kid’s meal package. Also in 1987 Chick-Fil-A expanded their operation by opening their first restaurants on GarnerR MK-476 FP Page #3 college campuses with Clemson University and Georgia Tech being chosen as their pilot campuses. In my opinion these colleges were chosen due to their proximity to the area of Atlanta from which the Chick-Fil-A franchise was originated. 1993 was a huge milestone for the Chick-Fil-A franchise, this was the year their 500th restaurant was opened and th eir first drive through only restaurant was created.Also in this year their first hospital based restaurant was opened. Arguably one of the greatest marketing campaigns in the world was the â€Å"cows† which began in 1995 introducing their first billboard which consisted of their cows attempting to paint their catch phrase â€Å"eat mor chikin† (www. chick-fil-a. com). With this campaign the Chick-Fil-A Franchise was catapulted into the category with McDonald and Burger King as one of the most popular fast food chain restaurants in the United States. Also in 1995 the Chick-Fil-A Franchise hit the mark of one billion dollars in sales nationwide.In 2001, Chick-Fil-A continued to expand their operation by opening their 1,000 restaurant. In the same year Chick-Fil-A continued to progress their popularity by being voted the â€Å"best drive thru in America† by QSR Magazine (www. chick-fil-a. com). In my opinion, this solidified their superior position in the fast foo d restaurant industry. Chick-Fil-A expanded their business in 2003 by opening their restaurants in Utah, Arizona and Southern California. By introducing their operation to the west Chick-Fil-A expanded their target market by not only marketing to the eastern United States, but to the GarnerR MK-476 FP Page #4 estern United States as well. This move made the Chick-Fil-A Company more popular nationwide In 2004 Chick-Fil-A expanded their menu even further by adding breakfast. By adding breakfast and opening earlier this also brought new business to Chick-Fil-A from business people on their way to work. In the same year Chick-Fil-A was voted â€Å"America’s best drive thru† for the third straight year (www. chick-fil-a. com). In my opinion Chick-Fil-A accomplished this prestigious honor by focusing on customer service and marketing their product.Truett Cathy wanted to increase the Chick-Fil-A Foundation’s scholarship program so in 2005 the Chick-Fil-A Bowl was devel oped to provide more money for scholarships (www. chick-fil-a. com). The Chick-Fil-A Bowl is played in Atlanta, Georgia in the Georgia Dome (www. chick-fil-abowl. com). In 2005, Chick-Fil-A awarded their 20,000th Leadership Scholarship. By doing so, this showed Truett Cathy’s dedication and commitment to encouraging young people to go to college and further their education. Chick-Fil-A expanded their menu again by adding â€Å"hand-Spun† milk shakes in 006. Also in the same year Chick-Fil-A surpassed two billion dollars in sales nationwide and as a coincidence it happened in the same year that the Cathy family celebrated 60 years in the restaurant business (www. chick-fil-a/com). This information shows me how great of an entrepreneur Truett Cathy was that he could start up a restaurant and in just 60 years it has become one of the most popular fast food chain restaurants in the United States as well as grossed over two billion dollars worth of sales. GarnerR MK-476 FP Page #5On December 1, 2010 I conducted a phone interview with Mike Albretson who is the operations manager at the Chick-Fil-A drive thru in Florence, Alabama on Cox Creek Boulevard in front of Regency Square Mall. In the phone interview with Mike Albretson I learned many things that I didn’t originally know about Chick-Fil-A. The first thing that I learned was according to Mr. Albretson the one major factor that plays a role in the Chick-Fil-A franchises success is their efforts to make emotional connections with all the customers that eat at their restaurants.The main question I asked Mike Albretson is what three ways to do feel the Chick-Fil-A franchise markets their products to their customers and how they make their franchise appealing to the general public? Mr. Albretson’s response was the first way he believes they market their products to customers is by focusing on community and consumer relations. Mike Albretson also mentioned that one of the Chick-Fil-A franc hises main goals is to do everything they can to provide a clean family atmosphere in all their restaurants.The second way Mike Albretson believes the Chick-Fil-A franchise markets their products to the general public is by bringing the food to the people. I found this technique very interesting and what this means is Chick-Fil-A brings the foods to the people by simply taking sample treys with items from their menu or even foods that they haven’t put on their menu but are seriously considering it and taking them to public areas such as a park or anywhere that is a general public area and letting the people that come by ry free samples of their food and tell them what they think about it (Mike Albretson, operations manager). GarnerR MK-476 FP Page #6 I personally thought this is a great idea because you are advertising the Chick-Fil-A name out to the public, you are showing the community that Chick-Fil-A values and cares about their image, and also they can find out valuable information such as what the majority of the people like or prefer.So in a way Chick-Fil-A is taking a survey on what the majority of the people like so that they can consider putting that item on their menu if it is not already on there. The third way Mike Albretson believes that the Chick-Fil-A franchise markets their products and service to the consumers is by the experience the customers receive when they come and eat in their restaurants. Mr.Albretson stated that the ways Chick-Fil-A attempts to make the customers experience as pleasant as possible are by assisting people to their tables, by going around and asking if there is anything the customers need such as a refill on their drink or more ketchup. Mr. Albretson also stated that the Chick-Fil-A restaurants have employees help the customers clean their tables as well as throw their trash away (Mike Albretson, operations manager). In my opinion I believe these are excellent ways for Chick-Fil-A to set their selves apart from their competition such as McDonalds or Burger King.I understand that most fast food restaurants are pretty much the same when it comes to the service and atmosphere of the restaurant but if you have assistants help the customers clean up and throw away their garbage that definitely would give them the advantage over their competitors in the service aspect of their restaurants. GarnerR MK-476 FP Page #7 I found a very interesting article that came from www. fastcompany. com, the article discussed how the Chick-Fil-A franchise was based customer centered.An example the article shared that supported this statement was during the opening of the Chick-Fil-A restaurant that is located in Evansville, Indiana, Truett Cathy himself showed up at the opening to meet and greet all the people who had been camping out the night before the opening to be new restaurants first customers (www. fastcompany. com). This tells me how down to earth Mr. Cathy is that he would take the time to go to Evansvi lle, Indiana to greet the customers on the opening day of one of his thousands of restaurants.Another fascinating article I found about Truett Cathy came from www. michaelleestallard. com, in this article, Mr. Stallard talks about a speech that he heard Truett Cathy give at a conference and how much it moved him on how inspirational and selfless Mr. Cathy was. I thought it was very interesting that here is Truett Cathy a multi millionaire that could be anywhere in the world, but here he is spending over half his time traveling to different Chick-Fil-|A restaurants and meeting and talking with tons of his employees (www. michaelleestallard. com).This example tells me how much Truett Cathy cares about his employees and about the service the Chick-Fil-A franchise brings to all their customers. One major advantage Chick-Fil-A has over most of their competition is most of their chicken sandwiches have a lot less calories and fat then most chicken sandwiches at fast food restaurants do. G arnerR MK-476 FP Page #8 According to www. livestrong. com, the original chicken sandwich at Chick-Fil-A only has 430 calories which is right about what McDonald’s chicken sandwich is, but what sets Chick-Fil-A apart from its competition is the chargrilled chicken sandwich.The Chick-Fil-A chargrilled chicken sandwich only has 300 calories and also has 29 grams of protein in it which is a very nutritious meal for anybody. The McDonalds chicken sandwich has 420 calories in it so this tells me that Chick-Fil-A is the healthier choice (www. livestrong. com). While researching about Chick-Fil-A coupons, I found a hilarious story about Chick-Fil-A coming up with a very unusual, but effective marketing idea. It was called the â€Å"cow promo†. What this meant was during a certain time period nyone could dress up like a cow and go into any Chick-Fil-A and all they had to do was moo and stop their foot or â€Å"hoof† and get a free chicken sandwich and according to the a rticle I read there were a few people who actually participated in this event (http://fastfoodcoupon. com). In conclusion, I learned so much about how a very successful business operates as well as several very effective marketing schemes and ideas. I personally thought the story about how Chick-Fil-A was started and how quick it became so popular and successful.In researching this paper I also learned how great of a man Truett Cathy is and I read many examples that taught me how far good customer service can take you. Overall, I really enjoyed researching Chick-Fil-A and learning about the franchise. The summary of this paper was the history of Chick-Fil-A and how it was started by Truett Cathy. The second part of the paper was marketing strategies of the Chick-Fil-A GarnerR MK-476 FP Page #9 Franchise. The third was how Chick-Fil-A sets their selves apart from their competitors.The last part of my paper was the conclusion and summary. GarnerR MK-476 FP Page #10 References Page 1. www. chick-fil-a. com 2. http://www. chick-fil-abowl. com 3. Interview with Chick-Fil-A operations manager Mike Albretson 4. http://wwwmichaelleestallard. com/chick-fil/as-competitive-edge-of-relationships 5. http://www. fastcompany. com/magazine/87/customer-chickfila. html 6. www. livestrong. com/thedailyplate/search/chick-fil-a 7. http://fastfoodcoupon. com/chick-fil-a-coupons. html